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Trauma, Sepsis

Increased neopterin concentrations are common in patients in the clinical course after, e.g., multiple trauma and provide early predictive information for development of sepsis, multiple organ failure and death.

 

Clinical laboratory differentiation of infectious versus non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Mitaka C. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan 

(Clin Chim Acta 2005;351:17-29)

To evaluate the accuracy of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), neopterin, and endotoxin in the differential diagnosis of sepsis and non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), a Medline database and references from identified articles were used to perform a literature search relating to the differential diagnosis of sepsis versus non-infectious SIRS. 

CRP, PCT, and neopterin are released both in sepsis and in non-infectious inflammatory disease. CRP and PCT are equally effective, although not perfect, in differentiating between sepsis and non-infectious SIRS. However, CRP and PCT have different kinetics and profiles. The kinetics of CRP is slower than that of PCT, and CRP levels may not further increase during more severe stages of sepsis. On the contrary, PCT rises in proportion to the severity of sepsis and reaches its highest levels in septic shock. PCT tends to be higher in non-survivor than in survivor. Therefore, PCT demonstrated a closer correlation with the severity of sepsis and outcome than CRP. Unlike CRP and PCT, neopterin is increased in viral infection as well as bacterial infection, and neopterin is also a useful indicator of sepsis. Endotoxemia was detected in no more than half of patients with Gram-negative bacteremia, and Gram-negative bacteremia was detected in half of patients with endotoxemia. 

The diagnostic capacity of PCT is superior to that of CRP due to the close correlation between PCT levels and the severity of sepsis and outcome. Neopterin is very useful in the diagnosis of viral infection. The endotoxin assay in combination with CRP, PCT, or neopterin may help as a diagnostic marker for Gram-negative bacterial infection.

 D-erythro-neopterin plasma levels in intensive care patients with and without septic complications

Strohmaier W, et al. Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Experimental Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
(Crit Care Med 1987; 15: 757-60)

The activation of macrophages is accompanied by release of 2-amino-4-oxo-6(D-erythro-1',2',3'-trihydroxypropyl)-dihydropterid ine (D-erythro-neopterin). The neopterin levels of 21 patients were measured with radioimmunoassay. The patients were classified according to the clinical course and outcome. We found highly significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivors for each of the evaluated days of the observation period. In addition to a sustained increase, patients with fatal outcome always showed a higher percentage of neopterin levels (88.2 +/- 28 [SD]%) exceeding the upper confidence limit (27.4 nmol/L) than survivors (31.8 +/- 29.9%). We conclude that the assessment of D-erythro-neopterin might be an easily available aid for an early evaluation of the immunologic status of a patient at risk for septic complications.